Manganese
Manganese is not found as a free elementin nature.
It is often found in combination with iron.
The most important manganese ore is
pyrolusite.
Manganese is primarily used in iron and
steel industry.
It is the basic raw material for
manufacturing steel alloys.
6 kilograms of manganese is required for
manufacturing one tonne of steel.
Manganese is also used in the
manufacturing of bleaching powder,
insecticides, paints, and batteries.
Indian manganese ore deposits occur mainly as metamorphosed bedded sedimentary deposits associated with Gondite Series (Archaeans) of Madhya Pradesh (Balaghat, Chhindwara & Jhabua districts), Maharashtra (Bhandara & Nagpur districts), Gujarat (Panchmahal district), Odisha (Sundargarh district) and with Kodurite Series (Archaeans) of Odisha (Ganjam & Koraput districts) and Andhra Pradesh (Srikakulam &Visakhapatnamdistricts).
Statewise, Odisha tops the total reserves/ resources with 44% share followed by Karnataka 22%, Madhya Pradesh 12%, Maharashtra & Goa 7% each, Andhra Pradesh 4% and Jharkhand 2%. Rajasthan, Gujarat, Telangana and West Bengal together shared the remaining 2% resources
Besides, manganese ore production was reported as associate mineral by 12 mines in 2018-19.
In 2018-19, twenty-four Public Sector mines jointly accounted for 46% of the total production. The contribution of captive mines was 10% of the total production. Madhya Pradesh, the leading manganese ore producing State, accounted for 33% of the total production in 2018-19, which is followed by Maharashtra (27%) and Odisha (16%) .
Major producers and mines :
1) Madhya Pradesh :
Balaghat 30(1) Chhindwara 4 Jabalpur 5(4) Jhabua (1)
2) Maharashtra 20 :
Bhandara 2 Nagpur 18
3) Odisha 30(4) :
Keonjhar 17(2) Sundargarh 13(2)
4) Andhra Pradesh 27
Vizianagaram 27
5) Karnataka 9(2)
Ballari 1(2) Chitradurga 3 Davanagere 4 Tumakuru 1
6) Telangana 6
Adilabad 6
7) Jharkhand 4(1)
Singhbhum (West) 4(1)
8) South Goa 2
9) Gujarat 1*
Panchmahals 1*
10) Jharkhand 4(1)
Singhbhum (West) 4(1)
11) Rajasthan 1
Banswara 1
Uses of manganese :
Manganese improves strength, toughness, hardness and workability of steel, acts as a deoxidiser and desulphuriser and also helps in getting ingots free from blowholes. About 90 to 95% world production of manganese ore is used in metallurgy of iron and steel.
Manganese dioxide is used for manufacturing dry cell batteries in which it functions as a depolariser of hydrogen.
Manganese ore is also used in the manufacture of various chemicals, such as, potassium permanganate, hydroquinone, manganese sulphate, manganese chloride, manganese phosphate, etc. In Chemical Industry, generally high-grade material is used for potassium permanganate. Requirement of manganese dioxide for Explosive and Pyrotechnic industries .
Pyrolusite is used generally to impart glaze to the pottery and to make coloured bricks. It also finds use as driers for oils, varnishes and paints. Manganese sulphide is used in the manufacture of salts and in calico printing. Manganese chloride is used in cotton textile as a bronze dye. Manganese salts are used in photography and in leather and matchbox industries.
Manganese Ore Distribution in India
India processes second largest reserves in
the world after Zimbabwe; 430 million
tonnes
India is the world's fifth largest producer
of manganese ore after China, Gabon,
South Africa and Australia.
Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha,
Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka are the
major manganese producing states.
Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh
together produce more than half of India's
manganese
State wise reserves of Manganese
Karnataka (22%),
Madhya Pradesh (13%),
Maharashtra (8%),
Andhra Pradesh (4%)
Jharkhand and Goa (3% each),
Rajasthan, Gujarat and West Bengal
(remaining 3 per cent).
Maharashtra
Produces about 27.66 per cent of Indian
manganese.
The main belt is in Nagpur and Bhandara
districts.
High grade ore is found in Ratnagiri
district also.
Madhya Pradesh
Produces about 27.59 per cent of India's
manganese ore.
The main belt extends in Balaghat and
Chhindwara districts.
It is just an extension of the Nagpur
Bhandara belt of Maharashtra.
Odisha
24 per cent production. [1st in reserves but
3rd in prduction]
Gondite [regional names] deposits occur
in Sundargarh district and Kodurite and
Khondolite deposits in Kalahandi and
Koraput Districts.
Manganese is also mined from the lateritic
deposits in Bolangir and Sambalpur
districts
Andhra Pradesh
13% of India's manganese production.
Srikakulam and Vishakhapatnam
districts.
Srikakulam district has the distinction of
being the earliest producer (1892) of
manganese ore in India.
Cuddapah, Vijayanagaram and Guntur
are other manganese producing districts.
Karnataka
6 per cent of India's manganese.
Uttara Kannada, Shimoga, Bellary,
Chitradurg and Tumkur districts.
Other producers
Goa,
Panchmahals and Vadodara in Gujarat,
Udaipur and Banswara in Rajasthan and
Singhbhum and Dhanbad districts in
Jharkhand are other producers of
manganese.
Export of Manganese
Four-fifths of the total production is
consumed domestically.
Exports constantly decreasing due to
increasing domestic demand.
Japan is the largest buyer of Indian
manganese.
The other buyers are the USA, UK,
Germany, France, Norway.
World manganese reserves:
Reserves are located in South Africa (32%), Brazil (17% ), Australia (12%), Gabon (8%), China (7%) and India (4%).
It is fact that continues to prompt and support interests in deep-sea manganese nodules, which constitute an enormous untapped resource. Most nodules are found in areas of deep-sea floor at water depths of 5 to 7 km.The Pacific Ocean alone is estimated to contain about 2.5 billion tonnes nodules containing about 25% Mn, making them similar in abundance to low-grade land-based deposits.
World Major producers of manganese :
South Africa was the leading producer contributing about 28% followed by China (17%), Australia (14%), Ghana (9%), Gabon (8%), Brazil (6%), India (5%) and Ukraine (3%)
Polymettallic manganese nodules 4 proven reserves under deep sea mining are :
1) Clario clipptron basin from Hawaiian to California
2) penrhyne basin near new Zealand
3) Peru basin
4) central Indian Ocean basin
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