BAUXITE MINING IN INDIA AND WORLD

BAUXITE :

 80 % of bauxite [ore of aluminium] ore is
used for making aluminium.
 Found mainly as hydrated aluminium
oxides.
 Total resources == 3,480 million tonnes ==
84 per cent resource are of metallurgical grade

Bauxite Distribution in India

 Odisha alone accounts for 52 per cent
 Andhra Pradesh 18 per cent
 Gujarat 7 per cent
 Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra 5 per cent
each
 Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand 4 percent.

Major bauxite resources are in the east
coast in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.

 India manages to export small quantities
of bauxite.

 Major importers are Italy (60%), U.K.
(25%), Germany (9%) and Japan (4%).



Odisha
 Largest bauxite producing state.
 One-third of the total production of India.
Kalahandi and Koraput districts.
 Extends further into Andhra Pradesh
 The main deposits occur in Kalahandi,
Koraput, Sundargarh, Bolangir and
Sambalpur districts.

Chhattisgarh
 Second largest producer.
 Maikala range in Bilaspur, Durg districts
and the Amarkantak plateau regions of
Surguja, Raigarh and Bilaspur are some of
the areas having rich deposits of bauxite.

Maharashtra
 Third largest producer.
 Largest deposits occur in Kolhapur
district.
 Kolhapur district contain rich deposits
with alumina content 52 to 89 per cent.
 Other districts: Thane, Ratnagiri, Satara
and Pune.

Jharkhand
 Ranchi, Lohardaga, Palamu and Gumla
districts.
 High grade ore occurs in Lohardaga.

Gujarat
 Jamnagar, Junagadh, Kheda, Kachchh,
Sabarkantha, Amreli and Bhavnagar.
 The most important deposits occur in a
belt lying between the Gulf of Kachchh
and the Arabian sea through Bhavnagar,
Junagadh and Amreli districts.

M.P.
 Amarkantak plateau area, the Maikala
range in Shandol, Mandla and Balaghat
districts and the Kotni area of Jabalpur
district are the main producers.

Bauxite Distribution – World
 Australia (31.34%),
 China (18.41%),
 Brazil (13.93%),
 Guinea (8.36%), etc.

MANGANESE MINERALS IN INDIA & WORLD

Manganese

 Manganese is not found as a free element
in nature.
 It is often found in combination with iron.
 The most important manganese ore is
pyrolusite.
 Manganese is primarily used in iron and
steel industry.
 It is the basic raw material for
manufacturing steel alloys.
 6 kilograms of manganese is required for
manufacturing one tonne of steel.
 Manganese is also used in the
manufacturing of bleaching powder,
insecticides, paints, and batteries.

                                        Indian manganese ore deposits occur mainly as metamorphosed bedded sedimentary deposits associated with Gondite Series (Archaeans) of Madhya Pradesh (Balaghat, Chhindwara & Jhabua districts), Maharashtra (Bhandara & Nagpur districts), Gujarat (Panchmahal district), Odisha (Sundargarh district) and with Kodurite Series (Archaeans) of Odisha (Ganjam & Koraput districts) and Andhra Pradesh (Srikakulam &Visakhapatnamdistricts).

Statewise, Odisha tops the total reserves/ resources with 44% share followed by Karnataka 22%, Madhya Pradesh 12%, Maharashtra & Goa 7% each, Andhra Pradesh 4% and Jharkhand 2%. Rajasthan, Gujarat, Telangana and West Bengal together shared the remaining 2% resources

Besides, manganese ore production was reported as associate mineral by 12 mines in 2018-19.

In 2018-19, twenty-four Public Sector mines jointly accounted for 46% of the total production. The contribution of captive mines was 10% of the total production. Madhya Pradesh, the leading manganese ore producing State, accounted for 33% of the total production in 2018-19, which is followed by Maharashtra (27%) and Odisha (16%) .

Major producers and mines :

1) Madhya Pradesh :

Balaghat 30(1) Chhindwara 4 Jabalpur 5(4) Jhabua (1)

2) Maharashtra 20 :

Bhandara 2 Nagpur 18

3) Odisha 30(4) :

Keonjhar 17(2) Sundargarh 13(2)

4) Andhra Pradesh 27

Vizianagaram 27

5) Karnataka 9(2)

Ballari 1(2) Chitradurga 3 Davanagere 4 Tumakuru 1

6) Telangana 6

Adilabad 6

7) Jharkhand 4(1)

Singhbhum (West) 4(1)

8) South Goa 2

9) Gujarat 1*

Panchmahals 1*

10) Jharkhand 4(1)

Singhbhum (West) 4(1)

11) Rajasthan 1

Banswara 1

Uses of manganese :

                                 Manganese improves strength, toughness, hardness and workability of steel, acts as a deoxidiser and desulphuriser and also helps in getting ingots free from blowholes. About 90 to 95% world production of manganese ore is used in metallurgy of iron and steel.

                                 Manganese dioxide is used for manufacturing dry cell batteries in which it functions as a depolariser of hydrogen.

                                 Manganese ore is also used in the manufacture of various chemicals, such as, potassium permanganate, hydroquinone, manganese sulphate, manganese chloride, manganese phosphate, etc. In Chemical Industry, generally high-grade material is used for potassium permanganate. Requirement of manganese dioxide for Explosive and Pyrotechnic industries .

       

                             Pyrolusite is used generally to impart glaze to the pottery and to make coloured bricks. It also finds use as driers for oils, varnishes and paints. Manganese sulphide is used in the manufacture of salts and in calico printing. Manganese chloride is used in cotton textile as a bronze dye. Manganese salts are used in photography and in leather and matchbox industries.

Manganese Ore Distribution in India
 India processes second largest reserves in
the world after Zimbabwe; 430 million
tonnes
 India is the world's fifth largest producer
of manganese ore after China, Gabon,

South Africa and Australia.
Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha,
Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka are the
major manganese producing states.
 Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh
together produce more than half of India's
manganese

State wise reserves of Manganese

 Odisha (44%),
 Karnataka (22%),
 Madhya Pradesh (13%),
 Maharashtra (8%),
 Andhra Pradesh (4%)
 Jharkhand and Goa (3% each),
 Rajasthan, Gujarat and West Bengal

(remaining 3 per cent).

Maharashtra
 Produces about 27.66 per cent of Indian
manganese.
 The main belt is in Nagpur and Bhandara
districts.
 High grade ore is found in Ratnagiri
district also.

Madhya Pradesh

 Produces about 27.59 per cent of India's
manganese ore.
The main belt extends in Balaghat and
Chhindwara districts.
 It is just an extension of the Nagpur
Bhandara belt of Maharashtra.
Odisha
 24 per cent production. [1st in reserves but
3rd in prduction]
 Gondite [regional names] deposits occur
in Sundargarh district and Kodurite and
Khondolite deposits in Kalahandi and
Koraput Districts.
 Manganese is also mined from the lateritic
deposits in Bolangir and Sambalpur
districts
Andhra Pradesh
 13% of India's manganese production.
 Srikakulam and Vishakhapatnam
districts.
 Srikakulam district has the distinction of
being the earliest producer (1892) of
manganese ore in India.
 Cuddapah, Vijayanagaram and Guntur

are other manganese producing districts.
Karnataka
 6 per cent of India's manganese.
 Uttara Kannada, Shimoga, Bellary,
Chitradurg and Tumkur districts.
Other producers
 Goa,
 Panchmahals and Vadodara in Gujarat,
 Udaipur and Banswara in Rajasthan and
 Singhbhum and Dhanbad districts in
Jharkhand are other producers of
manganese.
Export of Manganese
 Four-fifths of the total production is
consumed domestically.
 Exports constantly decreasing due to
increasing domestic demand.
 Japan is the largest buyer of Indian
manganese.
 The other buyers are the USA, UK,

Germany, France, Norway.

World manganese reserves:

Reserves are located in South Africa (32%), Brazil (17% ), Australia (12%), Gabon (8%), China (7%) and India (4%).

It is fact that continues to prompt and support interests in deep-sea manganese nodules, which constitute an enormous untapped resource. Most nodules are found in areas of deep-sea floor at water depths of 5 to 7 km.The Pacific Ocean alone is estimated to contain about 2.5 billion tonnes nodules containing about 25% Mn, making them similar in abundance to low-grade land-based deposits.

World Major producers of manganese :

South Africa was the leading producer contributing about 28% followed by China (17%), Australia (14%), Ghana (9%), Gabon (8%), Brazil (6%), India (5%) and Ukraine (3%)

Polymettallic manganese nodules 4 proven reserves under deep sea mining are :

1) Clario clipptron basin from Hawaiian to California 

2) penrhyne basin near new Zealand 

3) Peru basin

4) central Indian Ocean basin

COPPER, LEAD AND ZINC ,NICKEL MINING IN INDIA AND WORLD

Copper

 Copper is a good conductor of electricity
and is ductile [able to be drawn out into a thin
wire].
 It is an important metal used by
automobile and defense industries.
 Alloyed with iron and nickel to make
stainless steel.
 Alloyed with nickel to make ‘morel
metal’.
 Alloyed with aluminium to make
‘duralumin’.
 When alloyed with zinc it is known as
‘brass’ and with tin as ‘bronze’.
Iron + Nickel + Copper + Chromite
+.....== Stainless Steel.
Copper + Nickel == Morel Metal.
Copper + Aluminium == Duralumin.
Copper + Zinc == Brass.

Copper + Tin == Bronze.

Copper ore is found in ancient as well as
in younger rock formations and occurs as
veins and as bedded deposits
 Mining for copper is costly and tedious
affair because most of the copper ores
contain a small percentage of the metal.
 India has low grade copper ore [less than
1% metal content][international average
2.5%]
 The major part of supply comes from the
USA, Canada, Zimbabwe, Japan and
Mexico.

Copper Reserves in India
 1558.46 million tonnes.
 Rajasthan (50%)
 Madhya Pradesh (24%)
 Jharkhand (19%)
 The rest 7 per cent in AP, Gujarat,

Haryana, Karnataka etc.

Madhya Pradesh
 1st in production [59.85 %].
 Malanjkhand copper mines of Balaghat
district are the most important ones.
 Reserves of moderate size are also found

in Betul district.

Rajasthan
 2nd in production [28%]
 Found along the Aravali range.
 Ajmer, Alwar, Bhilwara, Chittaurgarh,
Dungarpur, Jaipur, Jhunjhunu, Pali,
Sikar, Sirohi and Udaipur districts.
 Khetri-Singhana belt in Jhunjhunu
district is the most important copper

producing area.

Jharkhand
 3rd in production [11 %].
 Singhbhum is the most important copper
producing district.
 Found in Hazaribagh district, Santhal

Parganas and Palamu districts.

Nickel

 Nickel does not occur free in nature.
 It is found in association with copper,
uranium and other metals.
 Important alloying material.
Iron + Nickel == stainless steel.
 It is hard and has great tensile strength.
 Hence nickel steel is used for
manufacturing armoured plates, bullet
jackets etc.
 Nickel + Copper or Silver == Coins.
 Nickel-aluminium alloys are used for
manufacturing aeroplanes and internal
combustion engines.
Metallic nickel is used for making storage
batteries and as a catalyst for
hydrogenation or hardening of fats and
oils intended for use in soap and
foodstuffs and in making vanaspati.
 Important occurrences of nickeliferous
limonite are found in the Sukinda valley
of Jajapur district, Odisha. Here it
occurs as oxide.
 Nickel also occurs in sulphide form along
with copper mineralization in east
Sighbhum district, Jharkhand.
 In addition, it is found associated with
uranium deposits at Jaduguda,
Jharkhand.
Other important occurrences of nickel are
in Karnataka, Kerala and Rajasthan.
 Polymetallic sea nodules are another
source of nickel.
 About 92 per cent resources are in
Odisha.
 The remaining 8 per cent resources are
distributed in Jharkhand, Nagaland and
Karnataka

LEAD AND ZINC DEPOSITS IN INDIA

Lead
 Malleable [can be hammered into thin
sheets], soft, heavy and bad conductor.
 Lead is a constituent in bronze alloy and
is used as an anti-friction metal.
 Lead oxide is used in cable covers,
ammunition, paints, glass making and
rubber industry.
 It is also made into sheets, tubes and
pipes which are used as sanitary fittings.
 It is now increasingly used in automobiles,
aeroplanes, and calculating machines.
 Lead nitrate is used in dyeing and
printing.
 Lead does not occur free in nature. It
occurs as a cubic sulphide known as
GALENA.
 Galena is found in veins in limestones,
calcareous slates and sandstones.

Zinc

 Zinc is a mixed ore containing lead &
zinc.
 Zinc is found in veins in association with
galena, chalcopyrites, iron pyrites and
other sulphide ores.
 It is mainly used for alloying and for
manufacturing galvanized sheets.
 It is also used for dry batteries, electrodes,
textiles, die-casting, rubber industry and
for making collapsible tubes containing
drugs, pastes and the like.

Distribution of Lead and Zinc ores -

India and World

Rajasthan is endowed with the largest
resources of lead-zinc ore (88.61 per cent),
 Andhra Pradesh (3.31 per cent),
 Madhya Pradesh (2.16 per cent),

 Bihar (1.67 per cent)
 Maharashtra 9 (1.35 per cent).
 Almost the entire production comes from
Rajasthan.
the Guntur and Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh, Goalpara district of Assam, Bhandara district of Maharashtra, Chindwara district of Madhya Pradesh, Alwar district of Rajasthan and Mahendragarh district of Haryana. MECL carried out exploration in Betul district of Madhya Pradesh. HZL also carried out exploration in Rajsamand, Bhilwara, Ajmer and Udaipur districts of Rajasthan in their leasehold areas.
HZL is the only integrated lead and zinc producer in the country. Its operation can be classified into mining and smelting. At present, HZL's eight mines and all mining operations are located in Rajasthan. Eight mines are RampuraAgucha mine (Bhilwara district), Kayad mine (Ajmer district), Rajpura-Dariba mine, SindesarKhurd mine (both in Rajsamand district) and Zawar group of mines (4 mines in Udaipur district), Rajasthan.

smelting of Pb-Zn

1) Chanderia Lead-zinc smelting complex is located 110 km North of Udaipur in Chittorgarh district, Rajasthan. It was commissioned in 1991 with an initial production capacity of 70,000 tonnes per annum

2) Dariba smelting complex is located 75 km north-east of Udaipur near to Rajpura-Dariba Mine and 7 km from Sindesar Khurd mine in Rajsamand district, Rajasthan. The zinc smelter at Dariba was commissioned in march 2010 and has a capacity of 210,000 tonnes per annum while lead smelter was commissioned in July, 2011 with a capacity of 1,00,000 tonnes lead per annum.

3) HZL also have one more zinc smelter situated at Visakapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. It was commissioned in the year 1978. The production capacity of the smelter is 56,000 tonnes per annum of zinc. The plant operation has been under suspension since February 2012 due to management decision of HZL.

The largest consumer of zinc is the Galvanising Industry. The zinc once used for galvanising as well as for brass making is not recoverable. Hence, the quantum of zinc recycling is comparatively small as compared to lead recycling. The secondary zinc was recovered from pure zinc scrap in the form of sheet cutting, zinc roofings, old zinc anodes and alloys containing zinc as a major constituent. Lead when used as metal in batteries, cable sheathing and sheathing for containing radiation is fully recyclable and it does not lose its properties. There is indeed a thriving industry that recycles lead in the country. However, due to the health risk involved in lead recycling the Central Pollution Control Board issues licences to the lead-reprocessors to ensure adherence of stringent environmental norms.

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