COPPER, LEAD AND ZINC ,NICKEL MINING IN INDIA AND WORLD

Copper

 Copper is a good conductor of electricity
and is ductile [able to be drawn out into a thin
wire].
 It is an important metal used by
automobile and defense industries.
 Alloyed with iron and nickel to make
stainless steel.
 Alloyed with nickel to make ‘morel
metal’.
 Alloyed with aluminium to make
‘duralumin’.
 When alloyed with zinc it is known as
‘brass’ and with tin as ‘bronze’.
Iron + Nickel + Copper + Chromite
+.....== Stainless Steel.
Copper + Nickel == Morel Metal.
Copper + Aluminium == Duralumin.
Copper + Zinc == Brass.

Copper + Tin == Bronze.

Copper ore is found in ancient as well as
in younger rock formations and occurs as
veins and as bedded deposits
 Mining for copper is costly and tedious
affair because most of the copper ores
contain a small percentage of the metal.
 India has low grade copper ore [less than
1% metal content][international average
2.5%]
 The major part of supply comes from the
USA, Canada, Zimbabwe, Japan and
Mexico.

Copper Reserves in India
 1558.46 million tonnes.
 Rajasthan (50%)
 Madhya Pradesh (24%)
 Jharkhand (19%)
 The rest 7 per cent in AP, Gujarat,

Haryana, Karnataka etc.

Madhya Pradesh
 1st in production [59.85 %].
 Malanjkhand copper mines of Balaghat
district are the most important ones.
 Reserves of moderate size are also found

in Betul district.

Rajasthan
 2nd in production [28%]
 Found along the Aravali range.
 Ajmer, Alwar, Bhilwara, Chittaurgarh,
Dungarpur, Jaipur, Jhunjhunu, Pali,
Sikar, Sirohi and Udaipur districts.
 Khetri-Singhana belt in Jhunjhunu
district is the most important copper

producing area.

Jharkhand
 3rd in production [11 %].
 Singhbhum is the most important copper
producing district.
 Found in Hazaribagh district, Santhal

Parganas and Palamu districts.

Nickel

 Nickel does not occur free in nature.
 It is found in association with copper,
uranium and other metals.
 Important alloying material.
Iron + Nickel == stainless steel.
 It is hard and has great tensile strength.
 Hence nickel steel is used for
manufacturing armoured plates, bullet
jackets etc.
 Nickel + Copper or Silver == Coins.
 Nickel-aluminium alloys are used for
manufacturing aeroplanes and internal
combustion engines.
Metallic nickel is used for making storage
batteries and as a catalyst for
hydrogenation or hardening of fats and
oils intended for use in soap and
foodstuffs and in making vanaspati.
 Important occurrences of nickeliferous
limonite are found in the Sukinda valley
of Jajapur district, Odisha. Here it
occurs as oxide.
 Nickel also occurs in sulphide form along
with copper mineralization in east
Sighbhum district, Jharkhand.
 In addition, it is found associated with
uranium deposits at Jaduguda,
Jharkhand.
Other important occurrences of nickel are
in Karnataka, Kerala and Rajasthan.
 Polymetallic sea nodules are another
source of nickel.
 About 92 per cent resources are in
Odisha.
 The remaining 8 per cent resources are
distributed in Jharkhand, Nagaland and
Karnataka

LEAD AND ZINC DEPOSITS IN INDIA

Lead
 Malleable [can be hammered into thin
sheets], soft, heavy and bad conductor.
 Lead is a constituent in bronze alloy and
is used as an anti-friction metal.
 Lead oxide is used in cable covers,
ammunition, paints, glass making and
rubber industry.
 It is also made into sheets, tubes and
pipes which are used as sanitary fittings.
 It is now increasingly used in automobiles,
aeroplanes, and calculating machines.
 Lead nitrate is used in dyeing and
printing.
 Lead does not occur free in nature. It
occurs as a cubic sulphide known as
GALENA.
 Galena is found in veins in limestones,
calcareous slates and sandstones.

Zinc

 Zinc is a mixed ore containing lead &
zinc.
 Zinc is found in veins in association with
galena, chalcopyrites, iron pyrites and
other sulphide ores.
 It is mainly used for alloying and for
manufacturing galvanized sheets.
 It is also used for dry batteries, electrodes,
textiles, die-casting, rubber industry and
for making collapsible tubes containing
drugs, pastes and the like.

Distribution of Lead and Zinc ores -

India and World

Rajasthan is endowed with the largest
resources of lead-zinc ore (88.61 per cent),
 Andhra Pradesh (3.31 per cent),
 Madhya Pradesh (2.16 per cent),

 Bihar (1.67 per cent)
 Maharashtra 9 (1.35 per cent).
 Almost the entire production comes from
Rajasthan.
the Guntur and Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh, Goalpara district of Assam, Bhandara district of Maharashtra, Chindwara district of Madhya Pradesh, Alwar district of Rajasthan and Mahendragarh district of Haryana. MECL carried out exploration in Betul district of Madhya Pradesh. HZL also carried out exploration in Rajsamand, Bhilwara, Ajmer and Udaipur districts of Rajasthan in their leasehold areas.
HZL is the only integrated lead and zinc producer in the country. Its operation can be classified into mining and smelting. At present, HZL's eight mines and all mining operations are located in Rajasthan. Eight mines are RampuraAgucha mine (Bhilwara district), Kayad mine (Ajmer district), Rajpura-Dariba mine, SindesarKhurd mine (both in Rajsamand district) and Zawar group of mines (4 mines in Udaipur district), Rajasthan.

smelting of Pb-Zn

1) Chanderia Lead-zinc smelting complex is located 110 km North of Udaipur in Chittorgarh district, Rajasthan. It was commissioned in 1991 with an initial production capacity of 70,000 tonnes per annum

2) Dariba smelting complex is located 75 km north-east of Udaipur near to Rajpura-Dariba Mine and 7 km from Sindesar Khurd mine in Rajsamand district, Rajasthan. The zinc smelter at Dariba was commissioned in march 2010 and has a capacity of 210,000 tonnes per annum while lead smelter was commissioned in July, 2011 with a capacity of 1,00,000 tonnes lead per annum.

3) HZL also have one more zinc smelter situated at Visakapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. It was commissioned in the year 1978. The production capacity of the smelter is 56,000 tonnes per annum of zinc. The plant operation has been under suspension since February 2012 due to management decision of HZL.

The largest consumer of zinc is the Galvanising Industry. The zinc once used for galvanising as well as for brass making is not recoverable. Hence, the quantum of zinc recycling is comparatively small as compared to lead recycling. The secondary zinc was recovered from pure zinc scrap in the form of sheet cutting, zinc roofings, old zinc anodes and alloys containing zinc as a major constituent. Lead when used as metal in batteries, cable sheathing and sheathing for containing radiation is fully recyclable and it does not lose its properties. There is indeed a thriving industry that recycles lead in the country. However, due to the health risk involved in lead recycling the Central Pollution Control Board issues licences to the lead-reprocessors to ensure adherence of stringent environmental norms.

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GRAPHITE RESOURCES

About Graphite :-

-----------------------

It is the most stable allotrope of Carbon, with standard entropy being zero. It is the only non-metal element which is a good conductor of electricity. It is also known as a dry lubricant for its greasy feel. It has many industrial applications, especially for products that need very high heat.

Reserves in India :--

The Geological Survey of India (GSI) in its report revealed that about 35 % of India’s total Graphite reserves is found in Arunachal Pradesh. This is the highest found in country.

Importance of graphite minerals :-

Graphite is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity and also has the highest strength of any natural material. However, it wasn’t until recently that the metal began to gain popularity.

Interest in graphite mining is increasing in large part because lithium-ion batteries are becoming more and more common. These batteries are used in everything from phones to electric vehicles, and graphite is one of their key raw materials. As the use of lithium-ion batteries continues to increase, graphite demand is expected to rise at least in the next few years.

Major producers in the world :-

Rank 1- China, rank 2- Brazil, rank 3- Canada, rank-4 India, rank 5- Mozambique, rank 6- Ukraine, rank 7- Russia, rank 8- Norway, rank 9- Pakistan.

Issue: At present India imports majority of Graphite from other countries.

Importance: With 35 % of India’s Graphite deposits being found in Arunachal Pradesh, the State could now be developed as leading producer of graphite in country thus helping in meeting its future needs.

Suggestions: The Arunachal Pradesh’s secretary of Department of Geology and Mining suggested that the survey and drilling activities of GSI should be moved towards India-China international Border.

As per the reports China is undertaking huge graphite mining activities across the border in Tibet Autonomous Region. Therefore, road and infrastructure development towards the (Sino-India) international border should act as a boon for exploration and extraction of mineral at the same time meeting India needs and reducing imports.

Diamond mining in India

Diamonds resources in India :

==========================

The Vindhayan system have diamond

bearing regions from which Panna and

Golconda diamonds have been mined.

1. Panna belt in Madhya Pradesh;

2. Wajrakarur Kimberlite pipe in Anantapur

district and

3. Gravels of the Krishna river basin in

The new kimberlite fields are discovered

recently in Raichur-Gulbarga districts of

Karnataka.

 Reserves of diamonds in India are not yet

exhausted and modern methods are being

applied for intensive prospecting and

mining.

 Cutting and polishing of diamonds is done

by modem techniques at important

centres like Surat, Navasari, Ahmedabad,

Palampur etc.

Andhra Pradesh.

 Reserves have been estimated only in

Panna belt and Krishna Gravels in Andhra

Pradesh.

Diamonds Across the World :--

================================

The leading producers of natural diamond

are Russia, Botswana, Canada, Australia,

South Africa, Russia and Zaire [Congo].

 Other important producers include

Namibia, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone,

Venezuela, Brazil etc.

 US is the largest producer of synthetic

industrial diamonds

Russia holds what is believed to be the

world’s largest and richest diamond

resources.

 Botswana is the leading diamond-

producing country in terms of value, and

the second largest in terms of volume. The

two important ones are Orapa and

Jwaneng, two of the most prolific diamond

mines in the world.

 Botswana’s resources produce the full

range of diamonds, in all sizes, colors and

clarities.

 Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is

also one of the Africa's largest diamond

producer.

 Australia is the leading producer of color

diamonds. Australia is famous for its pink,

purple and red diamonds.

 South Africa has the most diverse range of

diamond deposits in the world. Deposits include open pit and underground kimberlite pipe/dyke/fissure mining.

Mica mineral resource in india

Mica :--

========

 Mica is a naturally occurring non-metallic

mineral that is based on a collection of

silicates.

Mica is a very good insulator that has a

wide range of applications in electrical and

electronics industry.

 It can withstand high voltage and has low

power loss factor.

 It is used in toothpaste and cosmetics

because of its glittery appearance. It also

acts as a mild abrasive in toothpaste.

 India is one of the foremost suppliers of

mica to the world. Mica-bearing igneous

rocks occur in AP, Bihar, Jharkhand,

Maharashtra, Rajasthan.

Mica Reserves in India

1. Andhra Pradesh (41 per cent)

2. Rajasthan (21 per cent)

3. Odisha (20 per cent)

4. Maharashtra (15 per cent)

5. Bihar (2 per cent)

6. Jharkhand (Less than 1 per cent)

Mica Distribution and Production in

India

 India has a near monopoly in the

production of mica [60 % of world's total].

 Production decreased in recent times due

to fall in demand in the international

market. Fall in demand is due to better

synthetic alternatives that are available.

Andhra Pradesh

 1st in production [93 %].

 The mica belt lies in Nellore district

[Gudur Mica mines].

 Vishakhapatnam, West Godavari and

Krishna are other important mica

producing districts.

Rajasthan

 2nd in production [6.3 %].

 The main mica belt extends from Jaipur to

Udaipur [Along Aravalis].

Jharkhand

 3rd in production.

 Mica is found in a belt extending for about

150 km in length and 32 km in width from

Gaya district of Bihar to Hazaribagh and

Koderma districts of Jharkhand. This belt

contains the richest deposits of high

quality ruby mica.

 Koderma is a well-known place for mica

production in Jharkhand.

Mica Exports

 India is the largest exporter of mica.

 Certain grades of Indian mica are and will

remain vital to the world's electrical

industries.

 Major exports are carried out through

Kolkata and Vishakhapatnam ports.

 Important imports of Indian mica are

Japan (19%), the USA (17%), U.K, etc.

Jetstream part 2

Jet stream1

Indian monsoonal system

What is monsoon ?

* Due to land and sea breezes world experience 'seasonal winds'.
* Seasonal wind is known as Monsoon.
* Tropical Monsoon : On-shore wet monsoons on lands during summer and off-shore dry monsoon in the winter.
* Monsoon is seasonal winds which change in direction with change in season.
* In summer appear sea to land breezes and in winter land to sea breezes.

Origin of Word 'Monsoon' :
* The word monsoon has been derived from Arabic word Mausin. Mausin means season.
* Seasonal winds best develop in Indian subcontinent (in Asia - Southern Asia and South East Asia).
* Word Mausim pronounced as 'Mausam' in India and neighbouring countries.
* Sometimes weather of Indian subcontinent is unpredictable, because of it in layman language - kya mausam hai ! (What is Monsoon !).

Indian Monsoon (Indian Mausam) :
Annually, India experience for seasonal division but Indian monsoon occur in two divisions, they are -

1. The Southwest Monsoon Season : Most of the rainfall in India received from Southwest monsoon, which occurs in June to September.

2. The Retreating Monsoon Season : Appear Clear skies, cool and dry season in the months of October and November are known as retreating monsoon.

* Formation of Southwest Monsoon :
+ Intense heating of land mass of Indian subcontinent (especially Tibetan plateau) during summer.
+ Formation of high pressure belt in the South Indian Ocean (east to north-east of Medagascar in Summer).
+ Formation of Southwest Monsoon in mid-June to September.
+ Heavy rainfall in Indian subcontinent.

* Influence Southwest Monsoon :
+ Orographic features.
+ The hot and dry season (march to mid-June) due to this low pressure created on Indian-subcontinent.
+ Subtropical jet stream (from west to east).
+ Tropical Easterly Jet stream (African Jet stream).
+ Formation of Indian Ocean Dipole.
+ Shifting of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).

* Formation of Retreating Monsoon :
+ Rainfall decreasing after second week of September.
+ Rainy season gradually moving towards southward after mid September is known as retreating monsoon.
+ First withdrawal of Southwest monsoons in Punjab plain.
+ The skies are clear cool and dry season.
+ This will lead to form North East monsoon.

Theory of Origin and Growth of Indian Monsoon :
* The origin of monsoon is still not well known.
The theory regarding origin and growth of monsoon have classify in Two types -
1. Classical Theory
2. Modern Theory

1. Classical Theory of Indian Monsoons :
+ Monsoon are mentioned in old scriptures like the Rig Veda as well as writing of Buddhist and Greek scholars.
+ The first credit for scientific study goes to Arab scholar Al-Masudi (a trader) in 10th century A.D.
+ Arab trader use the sea route to carry out trade with India and monsoon pattern were of prime importance for them.
+ He gave an account of the the reversal ocean currents and the monsoon winds over the North Indian Ocean.

Classical Theory of Indian Monsoons : Sir Edmund Halley's Theory :
He gave Indian Monsoon theory in 1686.
His theory is based on Thermal concepts.
Summer Monsoon :
+ In summer the sun appear vertically over the Tropic of Cancer resulting in high temperature and low pressure in Central Asia.
+ The high pressure over Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Hence winds flowed from Ocean towards landmass in summer.
+ This flow of winds bring heavy down pour to the Indian subcontinent.

Winter Monsoon :
+ In winter Sun appear vertically over the Tropic of Capricorn.
+ High pressure form over land and low pressure over ocean.
+ Winds will blow from land to sea.

Limitations : The monsoons do not develop equally everywhere on earth and the thermal concept of Halley fail to explain the difficulties of Monsoon such as the sudden burst of monsoons, delay in on set of monsoons sometimes, etc.

Modern Theory of Indian Monsoons :
* Role of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) - It meeting zone of southeast trade winds and northeast trade winds near the equator.
* Role of Himalaya - Himalaya act as mechanical barrier to the sub-tropical westerly Jet stream.
* Over ITCZ  - cumulus nimbus cloud form  and heavy rainfall.
* Shifting of ITCZ due to intense heating of Tibetan Plateau.
* El-Nino  - It create drought like conditions in Indian subcontinent.
* La-Nina - appear flood like conditions in Indian subcontinent.
* Role of Indian Ocean Dipole.
* Role of Madden jullian oscillation

Impact of monsoon :
60% depends on agriculture
Regional variations in monsoons help in growing diversity of crops.
* Differences in monsoons in India is reflected in vast variety of food, clothes and house types.
* Monsoon rain helps recharge dams, lake, and reservoirs.
* They help in generate hydro-electric power.
* To relief for drought area.
* Grow water intensive crops.
*  beneficial to natural vegetation zones and boost biodiversity which has it's own socio-economic benefits.
*
Limitations -
* It may be double edged sword problems like drought or flood.
* Extreme climate resulted as crop failure.
* Damage of crops - Farmer commit suicide e.g. in Maharashtra, MP, Telengana.
* Famine & starvation.
* Simultaneously presence of Southwest monsoon and western disturbances can cause cloudburst e.g. Kedarnath.
* Monsoon break can also cause heavy flooding in the rivers.

Weather Forecasts in India :
* Before the era of computer or technology IMD's (Indian Meteorological Department) forecasts depended only on snow cover. Lesser cover meant a better monsoon.
* Today's, IMD collects weather data like temperature, humidity, wind and precipitation through 679 automatic weather station, 550 surface Observatories, 43 radiosonde or weather balloons, 24 radars and three satellites.
* Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) predicted Southwest monsoon season (June to September) rainfall for the country as a whole in two stages. The first stage forecast is issued in April and 2nd stage forecost is issued in June.
* Now new model for forecasting of south west monsoon is being shifted recently from statistical to dynamic models based on 10 parameters regression approach.
Eventhough there is uncertainties, unevenness,  unpredictability, ...

According to Ministry of Earth Science Indian southwest monsoon in 2020 -
Southwest monsoon seasonal rainfall over the country likely to be normal.
In 2020, Conditions are favourable for further advance of Southwest Monsoon.
* Quantitatively, the monsoon seasonal (June to September) rainfall is likely to be 96% of the Long Period Average (LPA) with a model error of plus-minus 5%. The LPA of the season rainfall over the country as a whole for the period 1951-2000 is 89 cm.
* Weak El Nino conditions likely to prevail during the monsoon season with reduced intensity in the later part of the season.
* Strengthening of westerlies and increase in convective clouds, the Southwest monsoon has for the advancing in parts of South Bay of Bengal.
* Low pressure area over Westcentral Arabian Sea. It can move towards northwest northwest near South Oman & east Yemen coast in few days.
* Warning to fisherman.
The sea surface temperature is continuously monitored over pacific and Indian ocean and using the concept of Southern oscillation, Elnino, Indian nino and MJO effect.

Guys Pls
1) critically analyse the statement Indian economy is the gamble of monsoon ??
2) why forecasting and prediction models fails most of the time in India ..? And it's consequences on farm sector and others.
3) rainfall pattern of india map overlapped with different landuses..analyse?