L 26 JET STREAM CAUSES TYPES AND ROLE

JET STREAM & ITS SIGNIFICANCE

MEANING AND ORIGIN 

CHARACTERISTICS

TYPES AND ITS DISTRIBUTION

CAUSE AND MECHANISM

WEATHER ASSOCIATED WITH JET STREAM : CYCLONIC & ANTI-CYCLONIC WEATHER SYSTEM OF MID-LATITUDES & HIGHER LATITUDE

ROLE OF WESTERLY JET STREAM AND TROPICAL EASTERLY JET STREAM TO EXPLAIN THE INDIAN MONSOON MECHANISM & WESTERN DISTURBANCES ?

OZONE DEPLETION RELATION WITH JET STREAM

Jet streams are narrow bands of strong wind that blow in the upper atmosphere from west to east(mostly) at the height of 8-15km. They occur where there exist large thermal gradient (temperature difference) . During winters jet streams are stronger as the thermal contrast across the warm and cold air masses or atmospheric cycles intensified. 

    

During the world war II , when jet planes moving from  japan to USA or return to japan from usa the speed increases and decreases respectively across pacific ocean. Then scientist there is some fast moving wind in the atmosphere eastward called jet stream. Many sources credit real understanding of the nature of jet streams to regular and repeated flight-path traversals during World War II. Flyers consistently noticed westerly tailwinds in excess of 160 km/h (100 mph) in flights, for example, from the US to the UK.[12] Similarly in 1944 a team of American meteorologists in Guam, including Reid Bryson, had enough observations to forecast very high west winds that would slow bombers going to Japan. 

CHARACTERISTICS : 

•    Fast blowing upper atmospheric wind at the height of 4-14km (9average height =12km),

• Speed = 90-500km/hr ; average speed -120-250km/hr.

• Jet stream follows the zig zag path such meandering currents are called ROSSBY WAVES. 

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• They are circumnavigating or circum-circular in nature

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• Jet streams are geostrophic wind i.e., wind flows parallel to isobars.

• Jet stream moves eastward or west to east , mainly permanent tropospheric jet stream at 30degree and 60degree latitude.

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• Jet stream splits and join again and again due to variation in the ground conditions

• Jet stream are shifting with : (A) season --jan & july (B) at coastal area

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• Shifting of jet streams observed both horizontally and vertically due to GEOSTROPHIC BALANCE( PGF = Cf)  & HYDROSTATIC BALANCE respectively(PGF = Gravity).

• Jet streams are found where two alternate air masses or atmospheric cycles meet; due to temperature contrast across the front in the upper atmosphere these jet streams develop. 

• Jet stream impact the weather conditions at global, regional and local level.

• Jet streams are observed within the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere,etc even in other planets' atmospheres too..but we are concerned mainly with tropospheric jet streams only.

• Within the troposphere jet stream is found at several height : low levels jet stream (4-8km); mid-level jet stream (12km-15km).

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• Ribbon appearance characterised by long lengths of 1000’s km , width 100’s km, thickness of 2-4km.

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Types and distribution of jet stream :

      

       

These are two permanent jet stream that moves in both northern and southern hemisphere west to east called as :

1. Sub tropical westerly jet stream--30 degree latitude

2. Polar jet stream.

Apart from these two there are many regional and seasonal, and local jet stream is found. 

3. Tropical easterly jet stream (east to west)

4. African easterly jet stream(east to west flow) ; 3-5km height

5. Somalian jet stream or cross-sectional equatorial jet stream(crosses equator moves from Madagascar to Ethiopian highland), 3-5km

6. Stratospheric polar night jet stream at the height of 40-50km

7.  Others : local jet stream.

CAUSES : when two alternate air masses/aircycles meets then at boundary jet stream develop because of extreme temperature contrast. At global level there are three atmospheric cells  : Hadley cell, Ferrel cell, & Polar cell. Two opposite type of air cycles meets at 30 degree and 60 latitude. Thus forming the permanent jet stream

1. At 30 degree latitude ,at the height of 12km , hadley cell and ferrel meet and their temperature difference drive the subtropical westerly jet stream.

2. At 60 degree latitude , at the height of 8km, ferrel cells and polar cells meet and the temperature difference between these cells drives the polar jet stream. Which is more stronger than 

    

  In the upper atmosphere , the pressure gradient is from hot areas to colder area. That means from equator to pole( think opposite of ground condition). So, air moves from high pressure to low pressure area. 

Now,  wind moving from equator to pole in the upper atmosphere, encounters with the coriolis effect due to rotation of the earth . in the northern hemisphere wind deflects towards the right while in the southern hemisphere towards left. Thus , at a particular height pressure gradient force balance equal and opposite to coriolis force in absence of frictional forces then the resultant wind flows parallel to isobar and becomes GEOSTROPHIC WIND. Thus the permanent jet stream moves eastward.

Tropical easterly jet stream produced by heating of Himalayan Tibetan zone in summer and blows east to west. 

East African jet stream also produce by heating of Saharan desert and it flows east to west to Gulf of Guinea.

Flindlater or Somalian jet stream produced by differential heating between Ethiopian highland and Madagascar.

Conclusion for the formation of jet stream : in upper atmosphere steep pressure gradient is developed when hot and cold air masses meets up . At the front , the fast moving wind develops from hot areas to cold area at height 8-15km and this winds become geostrophic due to rotation of the earth (coriolis force). Thus jet streams flows parallel to isobars.

Significance or role of jet stream :

Question : 

Q :  What do you mean by the Index Cycle of a Jet Stream? How does Jetstream influence the surface weather conditions?

ANS : There are changes in the position of the extent of the jet stream from poles towards the equator. The wavy (meandering) jet stream is called Rossby waves. The period of transformation of straight path of jet stream A wavy or meandering path is called an index cycle which is completed in four successive stages. The figure adjacent shows different stages of the index cycle of jet streams.

In the first stage (Fig a) the jet stream lies quite close to the polar regions and flows from due west to east. In the northern hemisphere, the cold air mass is found to the north of the upper-level westerlies. To the south of the jet lies the mild air of the mid latitudes. The westerlies in this stage have shifted towards higher latitudes where there is a lot of cyclonic activity. Pressure systems

in this stage have got east-west orientation. North-south pressure gradient is relatively steeper. The air mass exchange between the temperate and tropical regions is at its minimum. The first stage thus represents the high zonal index.

In the second stage (Fig b), the amplitude of jet stream waves increases. The whole of the jet moves towards the equator as a result of which there is an inroad of cold polar air southward. The warm air masses from lower latitudes move towards higher latitudes.

In the third stage, the bends in the jet stream become sharper and the amplitude of waves registers a further increase (Fig c). At this stage the tropical air masses moves farther north, and the cold polar air moves farther south. Now, the jet stream is positioned nearer the equator and the exchange of tropical and

polar air masses takes place on a much larger scale. The temperature gradient is 

directed from east to west  In the last stage of the index cycle, the giant size meander cut off  from the mainstream. The result is that an immense pool of cold and dense polar air is isolated in the upper troposphere of the lower latitudes where it is encircled by entirely different air masses. In the upper atmosphere of higher latitudes, the tropical air mass are entrapped by the colder air. This is called the low zonal index of the jet stream. The zonal character of the upper-level westerlies is no longer In existence. They are fragmented into a number of cells.

JET STREAM AND SURFACE WEATHER

Jets streams play a key role in determining the weather because they usually separate colder air and warmer air. Jet streams generally push air masses around, moving weather systems to new areas and even causing them to stall if they have moved too far away.

While they are typically used as one of the factors in predicting weather, jet streams don’t generally follow a straight path — the patterns are called peaks and troughs — so they can shift, causing some to point at the poor forecasting skills of meteorologists.

Climatologists say that changes in the jet streams are closely tied to global warming, especially the polar jet streams, because there is a great deal of evidence that the North and South poles are warming faster than the remainder of the planet. When the jets streams are warmer, their ups and downs become more extreme, bringing different types of weather to areas that are not accustomed to climate variations. If the jet stream dips south, for example, it takes the colder air masses with it.

Jet streams also have an impact on air travel and are used to determine flight patterns. An airplane can travel much faster, and save fuel, by getting “sucked up” in the jet stream. That can also cause a bumpy flight, because the jet stream is sometimes unpredictable and can cause sudden movement, even when the weather looks calm and clear.

1. Jetstream is responsible for convergence and divergence of air both at the ground and upper-atmosphere. Thus , forming atmospheric circulation system, cyclonic and anticyclonic condition, dry vs wet weather, cloudy vs clear skies ,etc..

2. Jetstream with season or other factors may become stronger or weaker thus affecting the polar vortex movement . the colder air of poles is confined around poles due to strong polar vortex, which further maintained the low pressure centre in upper atmosphere(8km height). 

3. The role of jet streams esp., polar jet & subtropical jet affect the mid-latitude, and higher latitude weather conditions more ..can explain why rain or dry condition produces; it shift airmasses ,defines temperature, wind nature and speed.

4. Jetstream is used by air traffic to determine the flight path and pattern.

5. Jet stream disperses the air pollutant  

6. Jet stream can explains the ozone hole over arctic and antarctica zones and widens during winters.

7. Jetstream can explain the monsoons arrival over indian subcontinent

8. Jet stream can explain the western disturbance phenomena as westerly jet stream and westerlies moves eastward cause rain in northwest india.

9. Extreme weather condition : hot waves and cold waves events are intensifying with climate change and jetstream.

10.  Jetstream confine the position of atmospheric cells such as hadley cell, ferrel cell, polar cell and corresponding surface winds, and its role on surface weather condition.

11.  Indian summer monsoon rain arrival is declared by withdrawal of subtropical westerly jetstream from india and establishment of tropical easterly jetstream as it creates cyclonic conditions over indian subcontinent. Arabian sea branch of the south west monsoon  is stronger due to stronger somalian current.

12.  Indian winter monsoon develop as south of himalays subtropical westerly jet stream develops that maintains the anticyclonic condition over india. Thus developing northeast monsoon.

The jet stream is said to play a very significant role in controlling the behavior of terrestrial atmosphere. But the exact nature of this relationship still remains less understood. Now, it is an established fact that the so-called polar-front jet streams are closely related to the middle-

latitude weather disturbances. The meanders of the more northerly upper-tropospheric jet stream determine the location of the surface polar front.

There are evidences to suggest that the eddies produced in these upper air streams come down to affect the cyclonic weather. The paths followed by the cyclones are also largely controlled by these upper-level high velocity westerlies.

Even the distribution of precipitation by extratropical cyclones is indirectly influenced by the jet streams aloft. Meteorologists agree that areas lying below the jet may have heavy precipitation. Rainfall, snowfall, thunderstorms of varying intensities, tornadoes, cold waves or snow storms are all directly affected by the jet streams aloft.

The jet streams also play an important role in the movement of different air-masses which may produce a prolonged period of drought or flood.

Besides, migration of high and low-pressure cells on the surface of the earth is also directly related to the shifting positions of the jet streams as they move around the earth. For instance, the dynamically produced high pressure cells within the subtropical belts owe their existence to the upper westerlies and the jet stream.

Examples:

o A jet stream band near the North Pole essentially confines the Polar Vortex. When the jetstream near the pole buckles, the Polar Vortex can shift its position farther south and allow frigid air to spill toward mid-latitudes.

o In the autumn, the presence of a strong west to east jet stream over the United States may keep a brewing hurricane from making a northward turn over the Gulf Coast or along the Atlantic Seaboard.

o (Also add examples of Sub-Tropical Westerly Jetstream influencing Indian climate.) Whatever be the cause of the everchanging patterns of the jet, there is hardly any doubt that the jet streams have important repercussions upon the world weather. There is no denying the fact that a clearer understanding of different aspects of the jet streams will help the weather scientists in making a correct appraisal of the surface weather.

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Soil Degradation A Global Crisis Affect

UESCO states that according to the World Atlas of Desertification, 75% of soils are already degraded, directly affecting 3.2 billion people. The current trend may increase the impact to 90% by 2050.

Soil degradation is defined as a change in soil health status resulting in a diminished capacity of the ecosystem to provide goods and services for its beneficiaries. It involves biological, chemical, and physical decline in soil quality.

This degradation can manifest through loss of organic matter, decline in soil fertility, structural damage, erosion, and adverse changes in salinity, acidity, or alkalinity. It also includes contamination by toxic chemicals, pollutants, or excessive flooding.

Estimates of soil degradation in world : 

About 33% of the world's soils are moderately to highly degraded. 

with 40% of degraded soils located in Africa.

Approximately 12 million hectares of agricultural soils are lost globally each year due to degradation.

 30% of the soil in India is degraded according to the national bureau of soil survey and land use planning.

Causes and types of soil degradation : 

Factors and process that accelerating soil degradation:  human and natural factors along with climate change, unsustainable land use and pollution 

1) mechanical tillage expanded the amount of land exposed to soil degradation 

2) degradation of soil organic matter : loss of organic carbon from soil.

3) water and wind erosion 

4) physical properties of soil degraded 

5) chemical degradation: nutrient depletion, acidification, salinisation 

6) contamination of soil by heavy metals, toxic chemicals 

7) deforestation, overgrazing, intensive farming, mining, construction 

8) climate change accelerated the rate of loss of soil moisture, expansion of dryland and desertification due to heat waves, changes in rainfall patterns 

9) unsustainable land uses leads to removal of vegetation cover, exposed arable land more to agents of erosion and pollution.

10) faulty agricultural practices such as shifting cultivation, intensive farming practices, use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, excessive tillage and irrigation, HYV seeds.

11) physical processes leading to the loss of fertile soil such as floods, surface runoff, landslides, wind and storms, intensive tillage, heavy machinery use. Long term physical degradation harms soil fertility, composition and structure.

12) ecological degradation of soil by exposing it to erosion and causing disruptions in ecosystems. Decreased land productivity due to climate changes, deforestation, loss of ground cover.

13) chemical changes in soil affects its mineral nutrients, pH values, humus content, etc due to excessive use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, release of industrial and municipal effluents, salinity, acidity,etc

14) Biological productivity of soil is reduced due to reduced soil organic carbon, decreased microbial activity, and destructive biochemical reaction .

Adverse impacts of soil degradation:

1) reduced agricultural production and productivity due to nutrient loss like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and soil organic carbon, loss of arable land to desertification reducing yields.

2) food security in the world especially affecting poor nations and poor people as food shortages due to poor soil quantity and quality, rising food inflation unaffordable food prices leads to depletion of economic of poor people, increased poverty and famines already in Africa more than 20 million affected with famines.

3) ecological and environmental degradation accelerated by soil degradation as water cycle disrupted , more release of stored carbon dioxide from soil into atmosphere contributing to global warming and climate changes, destroying habfor species, reducing bio capacity of the region, leading to loss of biodiversity.

4) socio-economic adverse consequences of soil degradation and desertification arise due to continues crop failures, loss of livelihood, drought and famines triggered by forced migration to urban areas or other regions increased social and economic tension further grows into political crisis, humanitarian crisis, etc., example in sub Saharan African countries, Horn of Africa, 

5) health impacts: in soil degraded areas health deteriorates due to increased malnutrition, under nutrition, contaminated water

6) sedimentation of water bodies due to erosion , leads to reduced water storage capacity and increased the rate of drought and floods.

7) soil degradation leads to loss of ecosystem services like nutrient recycling, water conservation,etc.

MEASURES :

1. Organic Matter Addition

2. Planting Cover Crops

3. Green manure, farm yard manure

4. Reforestation and Afforestation

5.  agroforestry practices

6. sustainable farming prctices like vermicompsting, soil organic cabon, natural farming, organic farming, conservation tillage, avoid use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

7. No-Till or Reduced Tillage

8. Mulching, contouring, terracing and bunding to conserve soil and mositure

9. rain water harvesting structures like check dams, percloation tanks,etc

10.  addition of lime and gypsum to maintain pH values of soil

Some of the important measures for controlling desertification in India are as follows:

(i) Intensive tree plantation programmes should be initiated.

(ii) Shifting sand dunes in Bikaner, Barmer, Churu, Jaisalmer and Jhunjhunun districts of Rajasthan cover an approximate area of 74 thousand sq km. Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur has suggested mulching them with different plant species. Mulches are put in small squares and serve as an effective physical barrier to the moving sand.

(iii) Grazing should be controlled and new pastures should be developed.

(iv) Indiscriminate felling of trees should be banned.

(v) Alternative sources of fuel can reduce the demand for fuel wood and save the trees from destruction hence checking the onward march of the desert.

(vi) Sandy and wastelands should be put to proper use by judicious planning.

(Vii) green walls is a narrow Strip of forest around the desert to prevent wind erosion and its consequences in surrounding areas. For example in India , Green wall is planned along NH-8.

(Viii) water erosion is controlled by adopting integrated watershed management practices such as check dams, percolation tanks, recharging pits/well/tube wells.

(ix) plugging gullies ,alignment of rivers / streams, 

(X) soil moisture conservation measures such as mulching, bunding, contouring, agricultural waste cover , increase vegetative cover , etc.,

(xi) adoption of agro-economic practices which reduces the water use, more efficient methods are : micro-irrigation facilities such as sprinklers, drip or subsurface irrigation system; dry farming practices, avoiding the use of HVY seeds, chemical fertilisers, zero budget natural farming, organic farmings, drought resistant crops or other sustainable farming technologies.

(Xii) supporting the livelihood of local communities,poverty alleviation programme, increase theirs off-farm incomes, as reduction in poverty reduce the pressure on local resources exploitation.

(Xiii) international effort under UNCCD-1994 commitments need to be achieved

International efforts to conserve and restore degraded soils are critical to addressing global challenges like food security, climate change, and environmental sustainability. Here are some key international initiatives and collaborations focused on soil conservation:

1. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)--1994

2. Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN)

3. Global Soil Partnership (GSP)--2011

4.  The Bonn Challenge is a global effort to restore 350 million hectares of deforested and degraded land by 2030. established in 2011.

5. Launched at the 2015 UN Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris, the "4 per 1000" initiative aims to increase global soil organic carbon stocks by 0.4% annually.

6.  Several SDGs, particularly Goal 15 ("Life on Land"), emphasize the importance of land and soil conservation. Goal 15 targets the restoration of degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought, and floods, and the goal of achieving a land degradation-neutral world by 2030.

7. TerrAfrica Initiative in sub saharan africa launched in 2005 

8. Great Green Wall Initiative in sahel region by African union.

Why Cyclones Rarely Form in August in India ? cylclone asna in news

Cyclone Asna is rare for a number of reasons, including: 

1) Land-born origin

Cyclone Asna originated over land in Rajasthan, which is unusual for cyclones that typically originate in the ocean. 

2) August formation

Cyclone Asna formed in August, which is rare for the Arabian Sea, where cyclones are less common during this month. 

3) Monsoon season

Cyclones rarely intensify into cyclones during the June-September monsoon season due to strong monsoon currents and other ocean factors. 

4) Number of cyclones in the Arabian Sea

Cyclone Asna is only the fourth cyclone to develop in the Arabian Sea in August since 1944.

Cyclone formation in the Arabian Sea is rare in August due to a combination of factors related to atmospheric and oceanic conditions. Here's why:

1. Monsoon Season Influence

Southwest Monsoon Dominance: August falls in the middle of the Southwest Monsoon season (June to September) in the Indian subcontinent. During this period, the strong monsoon winds and associated weather systems dominate the Arabian Sea, which discourages the development of cyclones. The monsoon trough (a low-pressure area extending across the region) stabilizes the atmosphere, reducing the chances of cyclone formation.

2. High Wind Shear

Strong Vertical Wind Shear: Wind shear refers to the change in wind speed and direction with height. During the monsoon season, the Arabian Sea experiences high vertical wind shear, which disrupts the vertical structure of a developing cyclone. Cyclones require low wind shear to organize and intensify, but the strong monsoon winds create conditions unfavorable for cyclogenesis (cyclone formation).

3. Sea Surface Temperatures (SST)

Cooling Due to Monsoon Winds: The strong monsoon winds cause upwelling (the rise of cooler water from the deep sea) and mixing of the sea surface, which leads to lower sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Cyclones need warm SSTs (typically above 26.5°C) to gain energy. The cooler SSTs during August reduce the potential for cyclogenesis.

4. Moisture Availability

High Moisture Content but Misaligned: While the monsoon brings a lot of moisture to the region, it is often not concentrated in a way that supports cyclone development. The widespread rainfall and cloud cover associated with the monsoon spread the moisture over a large area, which dilutes the potential energy needed for cyclone formation.

5. Position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

ITCZ Shift: The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a key factor in tropical cyclone formation, shifts northwards during the monsoon season. This shift means that the conditions necessary for cyclone formation are not usually present over the Arabian Sea during August.

Due to these factors, cyclones are more likely to form in the Arabian Sea during the pre-monsoon (May-June) and post-monsoon (October-November) periods when the atmospheric and oceanic conditions are more favorable.

Iran's Scorching 82 2°C Heat Index

HEAT INDEX AND ITS IMPACT RECORDED THE 82.2 HEAT INDEX IN IRAN

The Heat Index, often referred to as the "apparent temperature" or "feels-like temperature," is a measure of how hot it actually feels to the human body when relative humidity is combined with the actual air temperature. It accounts for the fact that the body’s ability to cool itself through perspiration is impaired when humidity is high, making it feel hotter than the actual air temperature.

How the Heat Index Works:

• Temperature: The actual air temperature is the baseline. As the temperature rises, the body naturally feels hotter.

• Relative Humidity: This is the amount of moisture in the air expressed as a percentage. When humidity is high, sweat does not evaporate as quickly from the skin, which is the body's natural cooling mechanism. This slow evaporation makes it feel hotter.

Calculation of the Heat Index:

The Heat Index is calculated using a complex formula that takes both the air temperature and relative humidity into account. Here’s a simplified idea of how it works:

• Higher Temperatures + High Humidity: The heat index rises sharply when both temperature and humidity are high, making it feel much hotter than the actual temperature.

• Higher Temperatures + Low Humidity: If the air is dry, the heat index will be closer to the actual air temperature because sweat evaporates more easily, allowing the body to cool itself effectively.

Example:

• An air temperature of 90°F (32°C) with 50% relative humidity can result in a heat index of around 95°F (35°C). This means it would feel like 95°F instead of the actual 90°F.

Health Implications:

The Heat Index is important because it helps assess the risk of heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion or heat stroke. As the heat index rises, the risk of these conditions increases, particularly for vulnerable populations such as the elderly, young children, and those with preexisting health conditions.

Heat Index Chart:

The National Weather Service (NWS) and other meteorological agencies often provide Heat Index charts or tables, where you can look up the heat index based on the current air temperature and relative humidity.

• Heat Index 80°F - 90°F: Caution; fatigue is possible with prolonged exposure and activity.
• Heat Index 90°F - 103°F: Extreme caution; heat cramps and heat exhaustion are possible.
• Heat Index 103°F - 124°F: Danger; heat cramps and heat exhaustion are likely, and heat stroke is possible.
• Heat Index 125°F and Above: Extreme danger; heat stroke is highly likely.

Conclusion:

The Heat Index is a critical tool for understanding how hot it really feels outside, helping people take necessary precautions to avoid heat-related health issues. It’s especially important during summer months or in regions with high humidity.

 Iranian coastal town recorded the highest heat index on 28th August 2024 =82.2degree Celsius heat index:

—the Dayrestan Airport (Iran)weather station recorded a temperature of 38.8°C at 10.30am on August 28.

Viewed alone, the temperature isn’t as alarming. But, with a relative humidity of 85%, it combines to give the HI, or “feels like” temperature, of 82.2°C.

— High heat index means the body unable to evaporate the precipitate. Therefore, heat buildup in the body causing heat stroke and heat related complications when heat index value is above 50 degrees.

—- if absolute air temperature is around 35 degrees and relative humidity of 80% then heat index will be 53 degrees that is not tolerable. Here, in Iranian coastal airport temperature =38.8degree Celsius with 85% relative humidity leads to heat index reaches to 82.2 degrees. Highly scorching heat build up causing the heat related hazards.

—- dry/ arid climate with high temperatures is bearable due to evaporation of sweat from the body that regulates body internal temperature and body feels comfortable and cooling internally. 

—- dew point is the temperature when air unable to hold more moisture or water vapours as it has reached to saturation level.

—- due to climate changes and global warming the impact on air temperature produces the heat waves, droughts and floods. Moisture holding capacity increases with warmer air ie., 1 degree temperature increase leads to increase in moisture level by 7%.